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phlogiston theory
The phlogiston theory is an obsolete scientific theory that postulated that a fire-like element called ''phlogiston'' is contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν ''phlogistón'' (''burning up''), from φλόξ ''phlóx'' (''flame''). It was first stated in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher. The theory attempted to explain burning processes such as combustion and rusting, which are now collectively known as oxidation.
==Theory==
''Phlogisticated'' substances are substances that contain phlogiston and ''dephlogisticate'' when burned.
In general, substances that burned in air were said to be rich in phlogiston; the fact that combustion soon ceased in an enclosed space was taken as clear-cut evidence that air had the capacity to absorb only a finite amount of phlogiston. When air had become completely phlogisticated it would no longer serve to support combustion of any material, nor would a metal heated in it yield a calx; nor could phlogisticated air support life. Breathing was thought to take phlogiston out of the body.〔James Bryan Conant, ed. ''The Overthrow of Phlogiston Theory: The Chemical Revolution of 1775–1789''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (1950), 14. .〕
Thus, Becher described phlogiston as a process that explained combustion through a process that was opposite to that of oxygen.
Joseph Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovered nitrogen in 1772 and the pair used the theory to explain his results. The residue of air left after burning, in fact a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, was sometimes referred to as ''phlogisticated air'', having taken up all of the phlogiston. Conversely, when oxygen was first discovered, it was thought to be ''dephlogisticated air'', capable of combining with more phlogiston and thus supporting combustion for longer than ordinary air.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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